Research

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Abstract: Myopia involves giving disproportionate weight to outcomes that occur close to the present. Myopia in people’s evaluations of political outcomes and proposals threatens effective policymaking. It can lead to inefficient spending just before elections, cause inaction on important future policy challenges, and create incentives for government interventions aimed at boosting short-term performance at the expense of long-term welfare. But, are people generally myopic? Existing evidence comes mostly from studiesthat disregard either the future or collectiveoutcomes. Political science characterizes people as myopic based on how they retrospectively evaluate national conditions, such as the state of the economy. Behavioral economics and psychology find that people make myopic choices involving future individual outcomes, such asmoney or personal health. To characterize myopia more generally, we offer two innovations: First, we adapt measurement approaches from behavioral economics and psychology to precisely gauge myopia over politically relevant collective outcomes. Second, we estimate myopia using the same approach for collective political outcomes in both past and future. We conduct two surveys on four different samples (including a large probability-based sample) asking respondents to evaluate national conditions randomly described as past or future while holding constant the domain, information about conditions, and the elicitation method. Results show prospective evaluations are significantly less myopic than retrospective evaluations. People are often not myopic at all when looking to the future. This surprising pattern cannot be explained bymemory, risk aversion, or partisanship.

For presenting this project, I received Best Poster Award at the 9th Annual Interdisciplinary Symposium on Decision Neuroscience (ISDN) in 2019 and the second place for Best Flash Talk Presentation at the 36th Virginia Tech Graduate Student Assembly Research Symposium.

Abstract: We investigated the effect of large changes in financial incentives on the process of decision-making by measuring autonomic arousal and visual attention during an incentivized lottery-choice task. High real stakes were accompanied by increased risk aversion and physiological arousal, and by shifts in attention toward safer alternatives. These effects were manifested both within and between individuals. We find no evidence that heightened risk aversion is a mistake. To capture the interactions of arousal and attention with subjective value during evidence accumulation, we developed and fit a new arousal-modulated Attentional Drift Diffusion model (aADDM). Our computational model demonstrates that arousal amplifies discounting of high-valued outcomes (multiplicative gaze bias) when participants attended to low-valued outcomes. Arousal and attention, and their interaction, are integral to the process of decision-making under risk. 

Under review

Objective: Social decisions with monetary consequences are not made in a vacuum and are often accompanied with emotional consequences. Previous studies document a robust role of pre-play message communication in facilitating pro-sociality and cooperation. Yet, the effects of communicating emotional experiences in social interactions remain understudied. Here, we examine the value of a social environment where emotional expressions are shared post-play in contrast to a private environment where emotion exposure is absent.

Methods: In this pre-registered study, we recruited 200 participants via Prolific to complete incentivized extensions of the Dictator Game (DG) and the Prisoners’ Dilemma Game (PD). Participants learned to classify their emotional experiences on the arousal, valence, and dominance dimensions. All participants completed a control condition (C): a one-shot DG and PD after being informed that reported feelings at the end of each game will “not” be shared between counterparts. Half of our sample was also assigned to complete an emotion exposure with certainty condition (CE): a one-shot DG and PD after being informed that reported feelings after each game “will be” shared between counterparts. The other half was assigned to complete an emotion exposure with uncertainty condition (UE): a one-shot DG and PD after being informed that reported feelings after each game “may be” shared between counterparts. Here, we further elicited participants’ willingness to reduce the likelihood of emotion exposure. The order of the emotion exposure conditions (CE and UE) relative to the C condition was counter balanced. We recorded participants’ decisions, reaction time, and reported emotional experiences.

Results: Pooling over both emotion exposure conditions and relative to the C condition, participants were significantly more likely to choose to cooperate in PD (7.9% increase) and to send greater amounts to their counterparts in DG (about a 20% increase in sent amount). The increased cooperation in PD was primarily driven by participants assigned to the CE condition. Interestingly, participants sent amounts were similar between the two emotion exposure conditions in the DG.

Conclusion: In many social settings, people observe the emotional impact of their actions on others. Our results highlight the integral role of emotional exposure in social decision making. Social environments that allow agents to communicate their emotional experiences facilitate pro-sociality and encourage cooperation.

Abstract: An important role of communication is to coordinate action. Economic theory tells us, however, that communication is “cheap talk” in social interactions with compromised incentives to coordinate like the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game.  Yet, communication regularly increases cooperation in experiments. Recent work models a two stage PD game where players believe that their counterpart is lying averse (suffering a cost when telling a lie) and characterizes the conditions that facilitate cooperation (Bahel, Ball, and Sarangi, 2022 - BBS). Our objective was first to design an experimental setting of social interaction (with communication) that varies individuals’ cost of lying and, importantly, their perception of the underlying population’s honesty level. Second, we applied this setting to test the predictions and comparative statics of the PD model with lying aversion and pre-play communication. We modify the standard PD game by 1) exogenously assigning lying costs to participants, 2) manipulating the underlying prevalence of lying costs in the population, and 3) restricting communication to sending either a conditional cooperation message (promise to cooperate) or a non-cooperative message. Participants (N=100) completed 60 rounds divided into 8 blocks that varied lying costs  and the PD incentives (potential gains/losses). In each round, participant’s counterpart lying cost (financial penalty incurred when not keeping one’s promise) was drawn from either a uniform urn of penalties or a skewed urn where high penalties were twice as likely. We find that the frequency of cooperation decreased with the monetary gain of lying or loss incurred when being deceived and with lower assigned penalties. Using elicited forecasts of a counterpart’s lying cost, we verify that the skewed urn significantly shifted participants beliefs about their counterpart’s penalty. Surprisingly, cooperation did not necessarily increase in a more honest population. The frequency of cooperation was instead driven by the interaction between the incentives to cooperate and the population’s honesty. Our results demonstrate that the nature of communication, beliefs about one’s opponent’s honesty, and an individual’s incentives operate in synergy in social interactions. 

Under review

Abstract: TikTok is a growing news source among young adults. This is concerning because TikTok relies on short videos that can spur strong emotional responses and young adults are still undergoing substantial cognitive development. To test the effect of watching political influencers on young adults’ emotional response and/or political attitudes, we conducted a field experiment at a large American public university. Consuming political influencer content increased negative emotional affect but had scant effects on political attitudes. 

Presented at APSA 2023 (pre-print available on request)

Abstract: The brain must use limited computational resources to make decisions. The principle of efficient coding implies that value representations are context dependent. In particular, more frequently encountered payoffs are perceived more accurately. We hypothesized that these representations would be influenced by incentives (real vs. hypothetical) and by affective states (arousal and valence). Our objective was to test how incentives and emotions modulate value perception in risky choice. We recruited 70 participants (N=70) to complete a series of 600 decisions choosing between two options: 1) a lottery with a 50% chance of a positive payoff and a 50% of a zero payoff and 2) a sure payoff. The payoffs were sampled from a distribution with a narrow range (low volatility – LV– condition) in half of the trials and from a distribution with the same mean but a wider range (high volatility– HV– condition) in the other half of the trials, with the order of the conditions counterbalanced across participants. Crucially, participants were assigned to realize real payment, based on a randomly determined decision, from either the LV or HV conditions. Participants were informed that payoffs in the other volatility condition were instead hypothetical. During the session, participants were trained to classify emotions and regularly reported their emotional experience (arousal/valence). Our findings confirm the efficient coding hypothesis only for participants assigned to receive real payment from the LV condition, where perception was more sensitive to changes in payoffs under the LV condition compared to the HV one. On the other hand, participants assigned to receive real payment from the HV condition displayed comparable sensitivities to changes in payoffs across volatility conditions. Moreover, we find that self-reports of arousal, and not valence, were significantly higher during real payment condition. We then compute the mean difference in arousal for each participant across volatility conditions. We find that sensitivity to changes in the risky option’s payoffs did not decline for participants experiencing amplified arousal levels in the HV condition. In addition, we find that both reaction time and risk aversion were higher in the real payment condition and were strongly linked to individual differences in arousal. We find that stronger (real) incentives modulate the perception of value and increase self-reports of arousal. The efficient coding hypothesis seems to hold best under weak incentives and low levels of arousal. Our results demonstrate the importance of incentives and emotional experiences in the adaptation of perceptual processing of value. 

Abstract: Betrayal aversion involves hesitancy in risking being betrayed in situations involving trust and has been linked to vaccine hesitancy in recent research. In this pre-registered vignette experiment, we inspect the impact of emotion reappraisal messaging on both vaccine hesitancy and betrayal aversion. We find that ambiguous and positive emotion reappraisal messaging leads to a significant decrease in vaccine-related betrayal aversion. The effect of these reappraisal messages specifically targeted the betrayal aversion channel of vaccine hesitancy and was effective only in scenarios that incorporate the element of betrayal. We conducted our experiment on 1189 United States residents through Amazon Mechanical Turk in September 2021. Our results demonstrate how emotion reappraisal messaging can be used as a targeted policy tool in communication to reduce vaccine-related betrayal aversion, thereby shaping individuals’ emotional response in the decision to vaccinate.

Key Insights: 

1. Many Saudi youth underestimate the time and effort required to find a private-sector job, and prefer government jobs.

2. Peer groups, in which members discuss job search challenges and receive application advice, can rectify inaccurate perceptions surrounding the labor market and the job search process.

3. When jobseekers have realistic expectations of the search process, it can motivate them to submit more job applications.